| Term | Described by | Species / age | Brain region | Preparation | Description | In vivo correlate? | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IN VITRO | ||||||||
| Ephys | Giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) | Ben-Ari et al., 1989 | Rat, P0-P18 | Hippocampus CA3 | Acute slices, electrophysiology (extracellular and intracellular microelectrodes) | Large depolarization with superimposed fast action potential Duration: 300-500 ms Frequency: 0.005-0.2Hz 85-93% involvement P0-8, synchronous in pairs recorded simultaneously |
SPWs? | |
| Calcium | Neuronal domains | Yuste, Peinado, & Katz, 1992 | Rat, P0-P7 | Neocortex: S1, V1, frontal | Acute slices, calcium imaging (Fura-2) | Discrete, circular domains ~75um in diameter Frequency: ~1 / 4 min 5-50 spontaneously coactive neurons Insensitive to TTX |
None | |
| Calcium | Early network oscillations (ENOs) | Garaschuk, Hanse & Konnerth, 1998 | Rat, P0-P16 | Hippocampus CA1 | Acute slices, calcium imaging (Fura-2) | Spontaneous, synchronous oscillatory Ca transients Duration: 400-500 ms Mean frequency: 1 / min 85% involvement, mainly seen before P5 |
Yes | |
| Calcium | Garaschuk et al., 2000 | Rat, P0-P7 | Neocortex: horizontal slices | Acute slices, calcium imaging (Fura-2) | Similar to above, but describes propagation posterior to anterior Closely correlated with changes in LFP |
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| Calcium | Travelling slow waves | Peinado, 2000 | Rat, P0-P10 | Neocortex: coronal slices | Acute slices, calcium imaging (Fura-2) | CCh-induced slowly propragating waves involving depolarization and Ca transients Recruits many neurons Observed until P6 |
Yes | |
| Calcium | Synchronous plateau assemblies | Crepel et al., 2007 | Mouse, E16-P15 | Hippocampus CA1 | Acute slices, calcium imaging (Fura-2) | Spatially and temporally confined to small assemblies coupled by gap junctions Frequency: ~7 / min Involvement: mean 3 neurons Observed P0-2 |
None | |
| IN VIVO | Cross-modality correlate? | |||||||
| Ephys | Sharp waves (SPWs) | Leinekugel et al., 2002 | Rat, P4-P6 | Hippocampus | Electrophysiology: 16-site silicon probes, extracellular and patch-clamp recordings | Sharp phase-reversal just below CA1 layer; followed by multi-unit discharges Large, complex synaptic events in CA1 with both GABAergic and glutamatergic component CA1 unit firing: mainly in population bursts lasting 0.5-3s , separated by periods of quiescence Occurred mainly during immobility, sleep, and feeding |
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| Ephys | Karlsson et al., 2006 | Rat, P1-P4 | Hippocampus | Electrophysiology: silicon depth electrodes | Frequency 1.4 / min ~85% preceeded by startles Decerebration reduces frequency but does not block SPWs |
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| Ephys | Spindle bursts | Khazipov et al., 2004 | Rat, P1-P8 | Neocortex, S1 | Electrophysiology: electrode array, silicone probes, tungsten wires, whole-cell patch clamp | Intermittent network bursts separated by long silent periods (~7s long) 0.5-3s burst of rhythmic, alpha-beta (5-30Hz) activity Spatially confined |
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| Ephys | Hanganu, Ben-Ari & Khazipov, 2006 | Rat, P1-P6 | Neocortex, V1 | Electrophysiology: tungsten electrodes, patch-clamp whole-cell recording | Field potential oscillations consistent with spindle bursts Frequency: 2.5 bursts / min Observed from P2 onwards |
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| Ephys | Slow activity transients | Seelke & Blumberg, 2008 | Rat, P9, P11, P13 | Neocortex, frontal and parietal lobes | Electrophysiology: EEG and EMG electrodes | Biphasic, high-amplitude events Duration: 5.2-6.6 seconds Frequency: 0.1-0.2 Hz, decreased with age |
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| Ephys | Colonnese & Khazipov, 2010 | Rat, P9-P11 | Neocortex, V1 | Electrophysiology: depth EEG and multielectrode recordings | Long duration infra-slow waves with rapid oscillations resembling spindle bursts Long quiet periods between activity Matches studies in premature human neonates (Vanhatalo et al., 2005 and Tolonen et al., 2007) |
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| Ephys | Long oscillations | Yang et al., 2009 | Rat, P0-P7 | Neocortex, S1 | Electrophysiology: multielectrode recordings | Long oscillations Duration: 40s Frequency: 1 / 20 min Propagates and synchronizes 600-800um large ensembles |
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| Calcium | Calcium clusters | Kirmse et al., 2015 | Mouse, P3-P4 | Neocortex, occipital lobe (upper cortical plate) | Calcium imaging: GCaMP3; simultaneous widefield Ca imaging and wide-band extracellular recordings | Synchronous, spatiotemporal clusters of calcium transients Most coincided with spindle-shaped oscillations with a dominant frequency in the theta band, nested in a delta wave |
Spindle bursts | |
| Calcium | Kummer et al., 2016 | Mouse, P3-P4 | Neocortex, V1 (upper cortical plate) | 3D calcium imaging: | Spatiotemporal clusters, activate glutamatergic neurons in a column-like manner Distinct horizontal confinement High intra-cluster activation |
Spindle bursts | ||
| Calcium | Patchwork-type activity | Mizuno et al., 2018 | Mouse, P5 | Neocortex, S1 (L4) | Calcium imaging: GCaMP6s | Spontaneous, correlated activity in neurons within the same barrel (distance-dependent) Decreases by the second postnatal week Arises from the periphery Rarely evoked by movement |
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| Calcium | Nakazawa et al., 2020 | Mouse, P1 and P5 | Neocortex, S1 (L4) | Calcium imaging: GCaMP6s | Spontaneous, correlated activity in neurons within the same putative barrel (slightly larger contour size at P1 than at P5) Seen until P9 |
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| Calcium | Wide-area synchronization (Phase II) | Nakazawa et al., 2020 | Mouse, P9 | Neocortex, S1 (L4) | Calcium imaging: GCaMP6s | Spontaneous activity widely synchronized across barrel borders Observed from P9-P11 |